The School for Good Mothers (2022)

4 Stars · Linda’s Rating
Page Count
336 pages
Release Date
2022-01-04

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⚠ Full Spoilers Ahead. This page contains complete plot summaries, the ending, and all major reveals. Turn back if you don’t want to be spoiled.
  • Child neglect and abandonment
  • Child endangerment
  • Child separation / forced removal from parents
  • Termination of parental rights
  • Child illness and medical emergencies
  • Toddler weight loss / restrictive dieting
  • Parental abduction
  • Government surveillance
  • Institutional abuse
  • Psychological abuse and humiliation
  • Forced indoctrination
  • Solitary confinement
  • Suicide
  • Suicidal ideation
  • Self-harm / cutting
  • Violence against lifelike child dolls
  • Child abuse
  • Physical violence and assault
  • Postpartum depression and anxiety
  • Depression and panic attacks
  • Severe sleep deprivation
  • Substance abuse and addiction
  • Traumatic childbirth
  • Emergency C-section
  • Medical trauma
  • Infidelity
  • Divorce and marital conflict
  • Hostile co-parenting / parental alienation

Frida Liu, a 39-year-old divorced mother in Philadelphia, is exhausted, sleep-deprived, and overwhelmed while caring for her sick 18-month-old daughter, Harriet. One disastrous day, Frida leaves Harriet alone in an ExerSaucer while she drives to her office to retrieve a work file. She gets distracted answering emails and is gone for more than two hours. Neighbors hear Harriet crying and call the police, turning what Frida sees as one terrible mistake into the beginning of a nightmare.

Harriet is placed with Frida’s ex-husband, Gust, and his younger girlfriend, Susanna. CPS treats Frida as a dangerous parent, installs surveillance cameras throughout her home, and subjects her to supervised visits that repeatedly go badly. Eventually, Judge Sheila Rogers orders Frida into a mandatory year-long residential rehabilitation program for “bad mothers.” If she fails, she will permanently lose Harriet.

At the facility, Frida joins dozens of women being punished for everything from serious abuse to questionable parenting decisions. The mothers live under constant surveillance, wear uniforms, endure humiliating chants about being bad mothers, and are taught that nearly every emotion or mistake can be evidence of narcissism or danger.

Their parenting skills are tested using eerily realistic AI robot children. Frida is assigned a Eurasian toddler doll she names Emmanuelle. The dolls cry, speak, respond emotionally, monitor their mothers, and even simulate physical injury. Every interaction becomes part of the women’s evaluations. Frida desperately tries to follow the rules, but after she loses her temper and pinches Emmanuelle, she is sent to a punitive “Talk Circle.” Other women fare even worse. Lucretia, one of Frida’s closest classmates, accidentally allows her robot child to freeze during an outdoor exercise and is expelled, permanently losing her real daughter.

As the year continues, Frida becomes increasingly terrified that Harriet is replacing her. Harriet begins calling Susanna “Mommy Sue-Sue,” while Gust and Susanna marry and have a baby boy, Henry Joseph. Frida also secretly becomes romantically involved with Tucker, a father enrolled in the men’s version of the program. Other parents crack under the pressure: Margaret dies by suicide, while Meryl, Roxanne, and Colin attempt to escape.

Frida nevertheless performs extremely well during her final parenting evaluation. It isn’t enough. Authorities use her feelings for Tucker, resentment toward Susanna, and failure to report the escape plan as proof that she still suffers from “residual narcissism.” Her prognosis is rated “fair to poor.”

The court permanently terminates Frida’s parental rights, allowing Gust and Susanna to adopt Harriet. During their final supervised goodbye, Harriet tells Frida she loves her, and Frida gives her family heirlooms and calligraphy bearing Harriet’s Chinese name, Liu Tong Yun.

Frida is supposed to move to Chicago with her parents and accept that Harriet is gone. Instead, when Gust and Susanna are at the hospital with Henry and Will is babysitting, Frida convinces Will to let her into Gust’s apartment to see Harriet one last time.

Once inside, Frida makes a different choice. She packs Harriet’s belongings, takes her sleeping daughter from her crib, puts her in the car, and drives north.

Frida knows an Amber Alert will soon be issued. She knows she will probably be caught and sent to prison. But after spending a year being taught how to become a “good mother” only to lose Harriet anyway, she chooses to take whatever time she can get with her daughter. As she drives into the night with Harriet asleep behind her, Frida resolves to love her, tell her the truth about everything that happened, and leave Harriet something by which to remember her when they are inevitably separated again.

Frida’s One Very Bad Day

The School for Good Mothers follows a single chronological timeline over roughly fifteen months and is told entirely in third-person limited point of view through Frida Liu, a 39-year-old divorced Chinese American mother living in Philadelphia.

Frida is already struggling when she makes the mistake that destroys her life. Her 18-month-old daughter, Harriet, has an ear infection, and Frida is severely sleep-deprived and overwhelmed. Harriet’s father, Gust, left Frida when their daughter was only three months old and is now with Susanna, a 28-year-old former dancer and nutritionist.

One day, desperate to retrieve a work file, Frida leaves Harriet alone in an ExerSaucer with animal crackers and drives to her office. What she intends as a short trip stretches past two hours when she begins answering emails and loses track of time.

Harriet’s crying alerts the neighbors, who call the police.

Officers Brunner and Harris interrogate Frida, while CPS social worker Ms. Torres documents everything that can be used against her: Harriet is dehydrated, Frida looks unwashed and exhausted, and she deliberately left a toddler alone. Harriet is placed with Gust and Susanna.

Frida knows she made a terrible mistake, but she expects to prove that one awful day does not define her entire relationship with her daughter. Instead, she discovers she has entered a child-welfare system determined to assess every aspect of her motherhood.

CPS installs cameras throughout her house, placing her under 24-hour surveillance. Even ordinary behavior can now be interpreted as evidence of her fitness or unfitness as a parent.

Her lawyer, Renee, explains that authorities have become exceptionally aggressive following highly publicized child deaths. Frida’s retired parents, Davis and Lillian Liu, send her $10,000 for legal expenses. Their involvement also brings back Frida’s memories of growing up in a Chinese immigrant family and of her grandmothers, Popo and Ahma, particularly Ahma’s survival during the Cultural Revolution.

Frida is permitted supervised visits with Harriet, but those visits become further evidence against her. Harriet has a meltdown during one and bites Ms. Torres. During another, the exhausted toddler develops a severe nosebleed. Court-appointed psychologist Ms. Goldberg also evaluates Harriet through play therapy.

Ultimately, Judge Sheila Rogers decides that Frida committed serious neglect and abandonment. Rather than immediately terminating her parental rights, however, the judge gives Frida one chance: she must complete a year-long residential parenting rehabilitation program. Failure means losing Harriet permanently.

The School for Bad Mothers

Frida is transported with eighty-six other women to a former Quaker college campus converted into a state-run rehabilitation facility. One of the first women she meets is April, who was sent there after spanking her child in a grocery store.

The institution is controlled by Ms. Knight, its intimidating executive director, and Ms. Gibson, the seemingly cheerful assistant director. The women wear navy jumpsuits, undergo constant surveillance, and are required to repeat humiliating chants declaring, “I am a bad mother, but I am learning to be good.”

The range of supposed bad mothers is enormous. Carolyn was reported after complaining about her daughter on Twitter. Frida’s first roommate, Helen, has been accused of coddling her 17-year-old son, Alexander. Helen quickly decides she cannot tolerate the program and quits, even though doing so means placement on the public Negligent Parent Registry.

Frida stays because leaving would mean losing Harriet.

Her training cohort is supervised by Ms. Russo and Ms. Khoury. Among Frida’s classmates are Lucretia “Lu,” a former teacher blamed after her daughter Brynn broke her arm on a playground slide; Linda, accused of locking her six children in a basement hole; Beth, who sought psychiatric treatment for depression; and 19-year-old Meryl, whose toddler daughter, Ocean, was removed following concerns about bruises and drugs.

Then Frida learns what they will actually be parenting.

Each mother receives a hyper-realistic AI-powered robot child. The dolls have realistic weight and body temperature, speak, cry, respond emotionally, and record their mothers through internal cameras and biometric sensors. Frida receives a Eurasian toddler doll and names her Emmanuelle.

The robots are disturbingly lifelike but unmistakably artificial. They run on bright blue coolant that eventually spoils and has to be scooped out through openings in their backs.

Everything the mothers do with them is evaluated.

Learning to Be a “Good” Mother

The curriculum reduces parenting to rigidly prescribed behaviors. Mothers practice exaggerated “motherese,” timed affection, and mechanical “1-2-3 release” hugs. During trauma exercises, instructors actually slap the dolls across the face to make them cry so the women can demonstrate the correct soothing response.

Weekly reviews with counselor Jacinda Thompson force Frida to examine every failure. Her second roommate, Roxanne, is a Temple student whose infant son, Isaac, entered foster care after Roxanne allowed her 12-year-old niece to babysit him.

Frida eventually cracks during a stressful naptime exercise and pinches Emmanuelle’s arm hard enough to leave a permanent dent.

That sends her to Talk Circle, a mandatory group for supposedly aggressive or resistant mothers. There she meets women including Maura, an alcoholic mother of five accused of burning her daughter Kylie, and Evie, the daughter of Ethiopian immigrants who was punished for allowing her nine-year-old daughter Harper to walk home from the library alone. The women must confess their shortcomings and repeat declarations such as, “I am a narcissist. I am a danger to my child.”

The institution’s cruelty becomes even clearer during a winter exercise. Lu allows her robot daughter, Gabby, to remove her hat and mittens outside. Gabby’s coolant freezes, effectively “killing” the doll. After Lu subsequently fights with Linda, she is expelled from the program.

That means she permanently loses Brynn.

Frida understands exactly what is at stake.

At the same time, her connection to Harriet is weakening. During monitored calls, she learns that Harriet has begun calling Susanna “Mommy Sue-Sue.” Frida is also alarmed that Harriet is losing weight while following Susanna’s gluten-free diet. When Frida’s evaluations deteriorate, even her phone privileges are taken away.

Romance, Escape, and Mothers Who Break

During the socialization portion of the program, the mothers begin interacting with fathers from a nearby men’s facility. Frida meets Tucker, a father in his forties whose three-year-old son, Silas, fell from a tree while Tucker was distracted by his phone. Tucker’s assigned robot son is Jeremy.

Their connection gradually becomes a secret romance, even though Frida knows any emotional complication could jeopardize her evaluation.

Other fathers include George, Colin, and Eric, each being rehabilitated for his own parenting violation. Colin, only 21, accidentally broke his toddler son’s wrist while co-sleeping.

The institution continues taking a devastating psychological toll. Margaret, a mother sent there after leaving her son in a car during a job interview, dies by suicide after jumping from the campus bell tower. Frida later learns Margaret had been secretly involved with another mother, Alicia.

Eventually Meryl, Roxanne, and Colin attempt to escape. Meryl goes straight to her mother’s apartment because she desperately wants to see Ocean, but her own mother reports her to CPS. After being captured, Meryl is secretly confined in a dark basement cell at Morris Hall until another student, Charisse, discovers her. She is eventually returned to class.

Frida knew about the escape plan but did not report it—a decision that will later become crucial.

Outside the institution, Harriet’s new family continues moving forward without her. Gust and Susanna marry, Susanna becomes pregnant, and Harriet begins preschool. Their son, Henry Joseph, arrives prematurely at 35 weeks and later develops pyloric stenosis requiring surgery.

Every milestone reinforces Frida’s fear that she is being erased from Harriet’s life.

Frida Passes—and Still Loses Harriet

By the final unit, Frida has become extremely good at giving the institution exactly what it wants. During her final practical evaluation, she guides Emmanuelle through altruistic tasks and finishes first in her class.

After everything she has endured, it appears she has succeeded.

But parenting performance is only part of her final judgment.

Officials review Frida’s brain scans, behavior, and psychological file. Her romantic feelings for Tucker count against her. So does her resentment toward Susanna. Most damagingly, her decision not to report Meryl and Roxanne’s escape is treated as proof of continuing poor judgment and “residual narcissism.”

Her final prognosis is rated “fair to poor.”

When Frida returns to family court, her year of obedience and training does not save her. Her parental rights are permanently terminated. Gust and Susanna are permitted to adopt Harriet.

Frida gets one final 30-minute supervised goodbye.

Harriet is now more than two and a half years old. Frida gives her a box containing family heirlooms and calligraphy of Harriet’s Chinese name, Liu Tong Yun, trying to leave her daughter some connection to the family and identity she will grow up largely without.

Most painfully, Harriet tells Frida that she loves her.

Then they are separated.

Frida Takes Harriet Back

With no legal path left, Frida prepares to leave Philadelphia and move to Chicago with her parents. She temporarily stays with Gust’s best friend and Harriet’s godfather, Will, seemingly beginning the process of accepting that her life as Harriet’s mother is over.

Then an opportunity appears.

Henry requires surgery for pyloric stenosis, forcing Gust and Susanna to remain at the hospital overnight. Will agrees to babysit Harriet at their apartment.

Frida persuades Will to let her come inside late at night, supposedly because she only wants one final chance to see Harriet sleeping.

Once she is inside, however, she cannot walk away.

Frida packs Harriet’s belongings, lifts her sleeping daughter from the crib, carries her outside, puts her into the car, and drives away.

She has kidnapped her own daughter.

As Frida heads north into the night, she understands exactly what she has done. An Amber Alert will be issued. The police will search for them. She expects to be caught, and she knows she may go to prison.

But for the moment, Harriet is with her.

Frida decides she will use whatever time they have to love her daughter and tell Harriet the truth about her life and what happened to them. She plans to leave Harriet a Polaroid photograph of herself with Emmanuelle—the artificial child she was forced to mother for a year while being kept away from her real one.

The novel ends with Frida continuing to drive into the darkness with Harriet asleep in the back seat, fully aware that their escape cannot last but choosing to take her daughter anyway.

How Does The School for Good Mothers End?

The School for Good Mothers ends with Frida Liu losing custody of Harriet permanently—and then kidnapping her daughter rather than accepting a future in which she is no longer allowed to be Harriet’s mother.

Frida Fails the State’s Final Test

After completing all nine units of the state rehabilitation program, Frida appears to have done everything required of her. She even finishes first in her class during the final morality drills with her assigned AI toddler, Emmanuelle.

But none of it is enough.

During Frida’s final brain scan and review, officials scrutinize not just her performance but her thoughts, relationships, and loyalties. Her attachment to Tucker, resentment toward Susanna, and failure to report Meryl and Roxanne’s escape attempt are treated as evidence of “residual narcissism” and misplaced emotional priorities.

Her prognosis for reunification is ultimately rated “fair to poor.”

At her final hearing, Judge Sheila Rogers permanently terminates Frida’s parental rights. Harriet will remain with Gust and Susanna, who are given full legal custody and can adopt her.

After a year spent trying to prove she can become a “good mother,” Frida is legally erased as Harriet’s mother instead.

Frida Says Goodbye to Harriet

Before leaving Philadelphia to move back to Evanston with her parents, Frida is allowed one final 30-minute supervised visit with Harriet.

Harriet is now more than two and a half years old. At first, she seems uncertain about Frida’s newly cut and dyed hair, but the distance quickly disappears. Harriet embraces her mother, tells her she loves her, and says, “I love you galaxies.” They hook pinkies.

Frida gives Harriet a wooden box filled with pieces of her maternal history: her grandmother’s jade bracelet and pearl earrings, family photographs, hair lockets, and calligraphy showing Harriet’s Chinese name, Liu Tong Yun—“Red clouds before snowfall.”

Frida may have lost her legal status as Harriet’s mother, but she refuses to allow Harriet’s connection to her maternal family, Chinese heritage, and history to disappear with it.

When the visit ends, Ms. Torres has to physically separate them. Harriet screams and clings to Frida’s collar.

It is supposed to be their final goodbye.

Frida decides it will not be.

Frida Kidnaps Harriet

Soon afterward, Gust and Susanna’s premature newborn son, Henry Joseph, develops pyloric stenosis and needs emergency surgery. Because Gust and Susanna must remain at the hospital, Will is asked to babysit Harriet.

Frida recognizes her opportunity.

She has already withdrawn $8,000 in cash, bought a new car seat and supplies, and packed her belongings. Late at night, she convinces Will to let her into Gust’s apartment, claiming she only wants five minutes alone with her sleeping daughter.

Once Will leaves to wait at a nearby bar, Frida moves quickly.

She packs Harriet’s winter clothing, toys, toothbrush, and Baby Betty. She takes the sleeping Harriet from her crib, carries her downstairs, straps her into the new car seat, and drives north.

Frida has kidnapped her own daughter.

When Harriet wakes frightened on the highway, Frida pulls over and climbs into the back seat. She comforts her in the gentle “motherese” the institution spent a year teaching and measuring. She promises cuddles and reassures Harriet that her mother has returned.

Frida knows exactly what will happen next. An Amber Alert will be issued. The police will search for her. She will almost certainly be caught, arrested, and imprisoned.

She does it anyway.

Before continuing into the night, Frida slips a Polaroid photograph of herself with Emmanuelle into Harriet’s coat pocket. Eventually Gust and Susanna will find it. Frida wants there to be proof of what happened to her—and proof of the strange artificial motherhood the state forced her to perform before deciding she was unworthy of the real thing.

She drives on, determined to use whatever time remains to love Harriet and tell her the truth.


What Does the Ending Mean?

The ending is deliberately uncomfortable because Frida does something both legally indefensible and emotionally understandable.

For most of the novel, Frida tries to survive by submitting. She repeats the institution’s chants, performs the required maternal behaviors, allows herself to be constantly watched, and tries to reshape even her emotional responses into whatever the authorities define as acceptable motherhood.

But the final evaluation reveals the fundamental impossibility of her task.

The state is not simply judging what Frida does. It is judging what she thinks, whom she loves, whom she resents, and whether her emotions conform closely enough to its model of the perfect mother. Even after completing the program successfully, Frida can still fail because the definition of “good” is effectively unreachable.

Kidnapping Harriet therefore becomes Frida’s ultimate rejection of that definition.

She stops asking the state for permission to be Harriet’s mother.

Emmanuelle Represents the Absurdity of Measured Motherhood

Emmanuelle is one of the ending’s most important symbols.

The state gives Frida an artificial child and then attempts to determine whether she deserves her real child based on how successfully she mothers the simulation. Maternal instinct becomes something supposedly measurable through cameras, biometric monitoring, brain scans, drills, and data.

Yet Frida develops genuine feelings for Emmanuelle anyway.

That creates the central irony: even within an artificial system, Frida produces something real.

The Polaroid Frida places inside Harriet’s coat becomes evidence of that contradiction. The institution tried to turn motherhood into measurable performance, but the photograph preserves the humanity that its measurements could never fully capture.

The House With the Sideways Light

Frida repeatedly escapes into the fantasy of a house where the light comes in sideways—a peaceful imagined home where she, Harriet, Tucker, and their children can exist together outside the institution’s judgment.

But she doesn’t get that house.

Instead, the ending gives her a dark highway.

That contrast matters. The imaginary house represents safety, forgiveness, and a perfect future that Frida can only fantasize about. The highway is dangerous, temporary, and almost certainly ends in disaster.

But the highway is real.

For the first time in a year, Frida chooses an uncertain reality with Harriet over an idealized future she will never be permitted to have.

Harriet’s Chinese Name Is About What Cannot Be Erased

The inheritance Frida leaves Harriet is also significant.

Liu Tong Yun—“Red clouds before snowfall” connects Harriet to Frida’s family and cultural history. The jade bracelet, pearls, photographs, hair, and calligraphy all serve the same purpose.

The court can terminate Frida’s parental rights.

It cannot retroactively erase Harriet’s lineage.

Frida understands that she may not be physically present while Harriet grows up, so she leaves behind objects that can someday tell Harriet: you came from somewhere, and your mother wanted you to know it.

“I Am a Bad Mother, but I Have Learned to Be Good”

The final reversal of the institution’s mantra captures the novel’s central argument.

Throughout the program, Frida is forced to internalize the declaration that she is a bad mother who must be taught how to become good. By the ending, those words mean something entirely different.

According to the state, kidnapping Harriet confirms that Frida is a “bad mother.” She has broken the law, violated the custody order, and endangered any possibility of rebuilding her life.

But according to Frida’s understanding of motherhood, refusing to disappear from Harriet’s life is the most loving thing she can do.

So when Frida embraces the contradiction—“I am a bad mother… But I have learned to be good”—she takes the institution’s language away from it.

“Bad” and “good” no longer mean obedient and disobedient.

They mean something Frida gets to define for herself.

Why the Ending Is So Bittersweet

There is no realistic happy ending waiting at the end of Frida’s drive. She knows she cannot disappear forever with Harriet. An Amber Alert will go out, authorities will pursue them, and she expects to be arrested and imprisoned.

Her victory is therefore not really escape.

It is refusing erasure.

Frida cannot guarantee that she will raise Harriet. What she can do is make sure Harriet has evidence that her mother loved her, fought for her, preserved her history, and did not willingly walk away.

That is why the ending feels simultaneously tragic and strangely triumphant. Frida loses almost everything in practical terms, but she finally reclaims the one thing the institution has spent the entire novel trying to control: her right to decide for herself what being Harriet’s mother means.

And that makes the ending less about whether Frida is actually a “good mother” than about the terrifying question underneath the entire novel:

Who gets to decide what a good mother is?

🔶 Main Characters

Frida Liu
Frida Liu — Protagonist & Institutionalized Mother
Role: 39-year-old mother of Harriet and former UPenn publication editor, sent to a state rehabilitation program after leaving Harriet home alone.
Personality: Anxious, devoted, introspective, insecure, self-sacrificing, resilient.
Significance: The novel’s central figure, whose ordeal exposes the state’s surveillance, impossible standards of motherhood, and attempts to quantify maternal love.
Harriet
Harriet — Frida’s Daughter
Role: Frida and Gust’s 18-month-old daughter, who is about 2½ by the novel’s end.
Personality: Affectionate, spirited, vocal, easily overwhelmed, attached.
Significance: Frida leaving Harriet alone for more than two hours triggers the entire story, and regaining her becomes Frida’s overriding motivation.
Gust
Gust — Frida’s Ex-Husband
Role: Frida’s 42-year-old ex-husband, Harriet’s father, and a landscape architect who left Frida when Harriet was three months old.
Personality: Conflict-averse, placid, self-righteous, passive.
Significance: His affair and departure contribute heavily to Frida’s isolation and exhaustion, while he becomes Harriet’s primary custodial parent.
Susanna
Susanna — Gust’s Second Wife
Role: Gust’s 28-year-old girlfriend and eventual wife, a former dancer and certified nutritionist who helps raise Harriet.
Personality: Controlling, wellness-obsessed, passive-aggressive, cheerful, intrusive.
Significance: She is Frida’s foil, embodying the seemingly perfect, wealthy, health-conscious alternative mother who effectively replaces her.
Emmanuelle
Emmanuelle — Frida’s AI Toddler
Role: The hyper-realistic Eurasian robot toddler assigned to Frida during her rehabilitation.
Personality: Sensitive, quiet, observant, affectionate, attached.
Significance: She represents the state’s attempt to manufacture, measure, and regulate maternal love through technology.
Tucker
Tucker — Frida’s Love Interest
Role: A fortysomething father confined at the men’s rehabilitation facility after his son Silas falls from a tree while Tucker is texting.
Personality: Warm, romantic, conversational, curious, slightly careless.
Significance: His secret romance with Frida gives her genuine companionship but is classified as “residual narcissism” and helps sabotage her final evaluation.
Ms. Knight
Ms. Knight — Executive Director
Role: The executive director overseeing the government rehabilitation facility.
Personality: Authoritarian, dogmatic, cold, unyielding, performatively upbeat.
Significance: She personifies the institution’s authoritarian ideology, compulsory shame, and belief that motherhood can be scientifically standardized.
Ms. Gibson
Ms. Gibson — Assistant Director
Role: The pink-lab-coated assistant director responsible for monitoring, retinal scans, discipline, and talk circles.
Personality: Cheerful, rigid, petty, uncompromising, grating.
Significance: She serves as one of the institution’s principal hands-on enforcers, constantly monitoring and disciplining the mothers.

🔷 Supporting Characters

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Ms. Torres — CPS Social Worker
Role: The CPS worker assigned to investigate and monitor Frida.
Personality: Cold, judgmental, robotic, condescending, fitness-obsessed.
Significance: She documents Frida’s supposed deficiencies, supervises visits with Harriet, and testifies against her.
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Judge Sheila Rogers — Family Court Judge
Role: The judge overseeing Frida’s custody case.
Personality: Severe, moralizing, inflexible, patronizing, bureaucratic.
Significance: She sentences Frida to the rehabilitation program and ultimately controls whether she can remain Harriet’s mother.
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Renee — Frida’s Lawyer
Role: Frida’s divorce and custody lawyer.
Personality: Pragmatic, cynical, dramatic, supportive.
Significance: She repeatedly warns Frida about the state’s increasingly aggressive child-welfare system and tries to protect her legally.
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Davis Liu — Frida’s Father
Role: Frida’s retired economics-professor father.
Personality: Loving, anxious, hardworking, protective, patriotic.
Significance: He provides Frida with emotional and financial support throughout her ordeal.
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Lillian Liu — Frida’s Mother
Role: Frida’s retired economics-professor mother.
Personality: Reserved, blunt, practical, anxious, caring.
Significance: She embodies the intergenerational expectations surrounding motherhood that contribute to Frida’s guilt.
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Will — Harriet’s Godfather
Role: Gust’s best friend and Harriet’s godfather, who has feelings for Frida.
Personality: Gentle, compassionate, accommodating, lonely, generous.
Significance: He shelters Frida after her release and inadvertently gives her the opportunity to reach Harriet.
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Lucretia “Lu” — Frida’s Friend
Role: A former teacher and fellow institutionalized mother whose daughter is Brynn.
Personality: Sharp, witty, funny, outspoken, protective.
Significance: She becomes one of Frida’s closest early friends and demonstrates how brutally the institution punishes even accidental failures.
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Linda — Institutionalized Mother
Role: A mother of six in Frida’s cohort.
Personality: Aggressive, loud, confrontational, proud, emotional, resilient.
Significance: Her volatile behavior and family crisis highlight the arbitrary nature of the institution’s judgments.
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Beth — Institutionalized Mother
Role: A young mother sent to the program after seeking psychiatric treatment for depression.
Personality: Fragile, clingy, dramatic, self-harming, emotionally erratic.
Significance: Her treatment illustrates how mothers’ mental-health struggles are transformed into evidence of parental unfitness.
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Meryl — Teenage Mother
Role: A 19-year-old institutionalized mother of a toddler named Ocean.
Personality: Feisty, rebellious, sarcastic, vulnerable, desperate.
Significance: Her treatment provides one of the starkest examples of the institution’s psychological brutality.
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Roxanne — Frida’s Roommate
Role: Frida’s 22-year-old roommate and mother of baby Isaac.
Personality: Intelligent, skeptical, observant, determined.
Significance: She becomes Frida’s closest later friend and exposes racial inequalities within the foster-care system.
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Ms. Thompson (Jacinda) — Institutional Counselor
Role: The counselor responsible for Frida’s progress reviews.
Personality: Analytical, polished, firm, condescending.
Significance: She interprets Frida’s biometric and behavioral data and helps determine whether she is supposedly fit to parent.
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Colin — Father & Escapee
Role: A 21-year-old father institutionalized after accidentally breaking his toddler’s wrist while co-sleeping.
Personality: Defensive, passionate, vocal, youthful.
Significance: He begins a secret relationship with Meryl and participates in the escape from the institution.
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Margaret — Institutionalized Mother
Role: A mother sent to the program after leaving her four-year-old son Robbie in a car during a job interview.
Personality: Desperate, doleful, heartbroken.
Significance: Her secret relationship with Alicia and despair over losing Robbie reveal the institution’s devastating psychological consequences.
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Alicia — Margaret’s Lover
Role: A fellow institutionalized mother who secretly becomes romantically involved with Margaret.
Personality: Passionate, emotional, grieving.
Significance: Their forbidden relationship provides another example of the institution policing mothers’ emotional and romantic lives.
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Henry Joseph — Gust & Susanna’s Son
Role: Gust and Susanna’s premature newborn son.
Personality: Vulnerable, premature.
Significance: His medical emergency inadvertently creates Frida’s opportunity to regain access to Harriet.
Advanced Surveillance Technology but Lax Physical Security

The school uses remarkably advanced technology, including AI children with internal cameras, biometric sensors, emotion tracking, and brain scans. Yet its basic physical security seems surprisingly weak. Meryl, Roxanne, and Colin are able to escape during the dance, and after Meryl is recaptured, she is kept in a basement room where Charisse can discover her while cleaning. For a facility capable of monitoring minute physiological responses, the lack of reliable cameras, motion sensors, alarms, or controlled exits is difficult to reconcile with the technology established elsewhere in the novel.

Frida Is Able to Take Harriet Despite the State’s Extensive Surveillance

Earlier, CPS demonstrates that it can monitor Frida extraordinarily closely, including placing cameras throughout her home and tracking her communications and behavior. Yet after Frida's parental rights are permanently terminated, she is able to enter Gust and Susanna's building, spend significant time inside their condo, pack Harriet's belongings, take Harriet from her crib, and drive away without triggering any immediate alarm. The state may no longer be actively monitoring Frida after her case ends, and Gust and Susanna are not necessarily required to maintain CPS surveillance in their private home, so this is not a strict contradiction. Still, given how aggressively the state previously protected Harriet from unauthorized contact with Frida, the sudden absence of safeguards makes the climax unusually convenient.

The Brain Scan Makes Much of the School’s Curriculum Seem Pointless

Frida successfully completes the school's demanding nine-unit curriculum and performs exceptionally well in the final morality exercises, yet her reunification prospects are ultimately undermined by a brain scan and psychological assessment identifying supposedly unacceptable thoughts and emotions. This raises a major worldbuilding question: if the state can determine parental fitness from neurological patterns and subjective psychological judgments, why require an entire year of elaborate parenting exercises? One possible explanation is that the curriculum is intended to change those underlying patterns rather than simply test practical parenting ability. Even so, the novel never fully reconciles the enormous emphasis placed on measurable performance with a final system capable of disregarding that performance.

Q : How does the novel show that mothers and fathers are judged by very different standards? Were there moments when the difference felt especially unfair?
A : The mothers are constantly watched, evaluated, and punished for even small failures, while fathers are given considerably more freedom. The fathers at the facility receive privileges the mothers do not, and Gust can leave Frida when she is struggling with a newborn without being treated as an unfit parent. The contrast suggests that mothers are expected to sacrifice everything for their children, while fathers are still allowed to have needs, ambitions, and mistakes of their own.
Q : How did the use of AI dolls and biometric monitoring affect the way you thought about the facility's definition of a "good mother"? Can good parenting ever really be measured?
A : The facility treats parenting as though there is a correct formula for love: the right tone of voice, amount of eye contact, pressure of a hug, or response time. Yet these measurements often seem disconnected from what actually makes someone loving or emotionally present. Frida's difficulty performing the precisely timed hugs is a good example of how the system values measurable behavior over genuine affection.
Q : Frida leaves Harriet alone for more than two hours on what she calls her "very bad day." How did you judge that decision, and did your feelings about it change as you learned more about what Frida had been going through?
A : Leaving an 18-month-old alone is unquestionably dangerous, so it is understandable that authorities would intervene. At the same time, Frida is severely sleep-deprived, overwhelmed, working, and caring for a sick and screaming toddler. The novel seems less interested in excusing her decision than in asking whether one terrible mistake should define someone's entire ability to parent—and whether struggling parents need punishment or meaningful support.
Q : What did you make of Frida's complicated feelings toward Susanna? Is Susanna truly a better mother figure, or does she simply fit society's image of one more easily?
A : Susanna appears to have many qualities society associates with ideal motherhood: she is attractive, financially comfortable, health-conscious, organized, and seemingly calm. Frida, meanwhile, is exhausted, angry, jealous, and visibly struggling. But Susanna's restrictive choices for Harriet complicate the idea that she is automatically the "better" maternal figure. The contrast shows how easily appearances, money, and lifestyle can influence judgments about motherhood.
Q : Why do you think the women are repeatedly required to say things like "I am a bad mother, but I am learning to be good"? What effect does that language have on them?
A : The repetition seems designed to make the women accept the institution's judgment as part of their identities. Instead of being mothers who made mistakes, they are taught to see themselves as fundamentally defective people who must be rebuilt. Public confession also discourages resistance because questioning the system can itself be interpreted as proof that a mother has not learned enough.
Q : How do race and money affect which mothers have the best chance of surviving the system?
A : Frida has advantages that some of the other women do not, including parents who can provide $10,000 for legal expenses. Even with those resources, she experiences racial stereotyping and pressure connected to being an Asian American mother. Other women have fewer financial resources and appear even more vulnerable to harsh judgments. The novel suggests that supposedly objective rules are never applied in a vacuum; race, class, and access to money still influence who gets believed, defended, or punished.
Q : Frida eventually seems genuinely attached to Emmanuelle even though she knows Emmanuelle is a robot. Why do you think that relationship becomes emotionally real for her?
A : At first, Emmanuelle is essentially an assignment Frida must successfully complete if she hopes to regain Harriet. Over time, however, Frida comforts, protects, and worries about her. Her attachment suggests that maternal behavior cannot simply be switched on and off according to the state's rules. Ironically, the artificial child meant to measure Frida's ability to love becomes evidence of how naturally she forms emotional bonds.
Q : The facility frequently labels mothers "narcissistic" when they focus on romance, friendship, grief, or their own emotional needs. Where do you think healthy selfhood ends and selfishness begins for a parent?
A : The institution seems to define almost any identity outside motherhood as selfish. Frida's relationship with Tucker, her loyalty to other women, and even some of her private emotions become evidence against her. The novel raises the uncomfortable question of whether being a "good mother" has become synonymous with disappearing as an individual—and whether expecting complete self-sacrifice actually makes anyone a better parent.
Q : What did you think of Frida's decision to take Harriet at the end? Did it feel like an act of love, desperation, selfishness, or some combination of all three?
A : Her decision can be interpreted in several ways, which makes it especially interesting for discussion. She knowingly breaks the law and creates another frightening situation for Harriet, so it is difficult to call the act purely heroic. At the same time, Frida believes the system has permanently erased her as Harriet's mother, leaving her no legitimate path back to her daughter. Taking Harriet becomes both a desperate act of love and a refusal to accept the state's judgment of who she is.
Q : Why do you think Frida places the Polaroid of herself with Emmanuelle in Harriet's coat, and what importance do the family heirlooms and Harriet's Chinese name have near the end?
A : These objects preserve parts of Frida that the legal system cannot easily erase. The Polaroid documents the strange year she endured and the maternal relationship she formed with Emmanuelle, while the jade bracelet, pearl earrings, and Harriet's Chinese name connect Harriet to generations of women on Frida's side of the family. Even if Frida loses legal custody, she wants evidence of that history and connection to remain with her daughter.
Q : How does Frida's relationship with her Chinese immigrant parents shape the way she thinks about failure, sacrifice, and being a mother herself?
A : Frida has grown up with a powerful model of endurance and sacrifice, particularly through her mother's belief in chi ku—the ability to "eat bitterness" and withstand hardship. She also feels guilty that her parents endured so much to give her opportunities and that she has somehow failed them. That background helps explain both her determination to survive the institution and her desire to pass Mandarin, family history, and Chinese identity on to Harriet.
Q : By the end of the novel, who do you think has the right to decide what makes someone a "good mother"—the parent, the child, society, or the state?
A : The novel never suggests that parents should be completely beyond accountability, especially when a child's safety is at risk. Instead, it questions what happens when the state turns a complicated human relationship into a rigid checklist and treats perfection as the minimum standard. Frida can lose custody, fail evaluations, and be legally declared unfit, but those rulings cannot neatly settle the larger question of whether she loves Harriet or whether one terrible mistake should define her forever.
4 / 5 Stars · Linda’s Rating

What made The School for Good Mothers so powerful for me was how frighteningly recognizable Frida’s feelings were, even when her circumstances became dystopian. The exhaustion, isolation, guilt, and constant fear that you’re somehow failing at motherhood felt painfully real. The AI children took those everyday pressures and turned them into something genuinely chilling: motherhood reduced to a test where every sigh, moment of frustration, and imperfect reaction can be measured and held against you.

I also loved how the novel exposes the impossible standards placed on mothers, particularly when compared with what is expected of fathers. Frida is flawed and makes a terrible mistake, but the punishment becomes so wildly disproportionate that I found myself furious on her behalf.

My biggest issue was the pacing. The middle became repetitive and dragged in places, especially as the school’s lessons continued, which kept this from being a five-star read for me. Still, I couldn't put it down. It was disturbing, thought-provoking, and deeply personal for me as a mother who remembers just how dark and difficult those early days can be. This one will stay with me.

4 out of 5 stars -- She Made One Terrible Mistake. Does That Make Her a Bad Mother?

Adaptation

The School for Good Mothers is being developed as a television series by Freckle Films, the production company founded by Jessica Chastain. Freckle Films optioned the television rights to Jessamine Chan’s 2022 novel shortly before its publication, with Jude Weng (Finding ‘Ohana, Fresh Off the Boat) attached to adapt and direct the series.

Jessica Chastain, Kelly Carmichael, Jude Weng, and Jessamine Chan are attached as executive producers. The project was originally announced in partnership with Endeavor Content.

The adaptation was first announced in January 2022 and remains in development. As of 2026, no cast, network or streaming platform, filming dates, trailer, or release date have been publicly announced.

Because the series has not yet been produced or released, there are no confirmed changes from the novel to report. Chan has said that the creative team has discussed ways to expand the world of the book for television and that she is particularly excited about telling the story of American society through an Asian American perspective with an Asian American woman at its center.

The television adaptation is expected to retain the novel’s central premise: Frida Liu, a Chinese American mother, loses custody of her young daughter after leaving her home alone during a moment of desperation. Frida is ordered into a government-run rehabilitation program where mothers are intensely monitored, evaluated, and trained to meet the state’s definition of acceptable motherhood—all while Frida attempts to prove that she deserves to regain custody of her daughter.

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📖 Reporting for: The School for Good Mothers (2022)